"The most relevant model for the incremental establishment of a global federation may be the European Union, which politically unites a large group of widely diverse, some formerly hostile, nations spread over a large geographical area. The EU, which is still evolving, already has many attributes of a federal government, such as open internal borders, a directly elected parliament, a court system and a centralized economic policy." |
Emergence and development of institutions of the European integrations and sources of law of the European Union by Varga Siniša Strani pravni život 2002, No. 1-3, pp. 157-177 (article in Serbian) Abstract: "EU is a stage in the process of European integration. Realized in dynamical sense EU was established under influence of ideas of European movements, in conditions of a hard economical situation and intricate political relationships. The first European community was established in Paris on 18th April 1951. It was European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The other European communities were established in Rome on 25th march 1957. Those are European Economic Community and EUROATOM. EU was established by Treaty on European Union that was signed in Mastricht, a small Netherlands's town, on 7th February 1992. It was done a reform of European communities by Treaty on EU as well. There had already been reforms of EC. The most important was this one done by Single European Act (1986). Last reform of EC that described in the article was done by Treaty of Amsterdam (1997). Institutions of EU are: European parliament, Council, Commission, Court of Justice and Financial court. Council is not the same as European Council, a political body regulated by Treaty of EU. First instance court was added to Court of Justice on 1989. Consultative bodies of EU are: Economic - social Committee and Regional Committee. An important financial institution of EU is European investment bank. Organ for administrative control is Ombudsman. Sources of EU law are divided on primary and secondary ones. Primary sources of communitarian law are: establishing contracts, international agreements among EU-member-states and international agreements between Community and non-member-states or international organizations. Secondary legislature of EU are: regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions. There may exist sui generis legal acts. Particularly mentioned: general legal principles and precedents. At the end author concludes that EU law has a supremacy above national law of member states." |
Taking Law Seriously: Communitarian Search and Seizure by D Schuman, American Criminal Law Review Volume:27 Issue:4 Dated:(1990) Pages:583-617: "Abstract: The law of search and seizure deriving from traditional liberal-individualism is expressed in current U.S. Supreme Court cases. Liberal-individualism focuses on individuals and regards them as rights-bearing entities whose social and political bonds are instrumental, temporary, intentionally-forged, incidental aids to be exploited in pursuit of personal goals. Communitarianism conceives of public policy as the result of a deliberative process seeking to discover a common vision of good. It conceives of the State as an enabling and constitutive body and not as a limiting or threatening one and de-emphasizes pre-political individual rights as fallback provisions grounded in tradition and consensus. In the State of Oregon, an evolving law of search and seizure suggests that communitarian precepts can be translated into workable and coherent State constitutional doctrine." |
"What is the Rule of Law? By Helen Yu and Alison Guernsey, the University of Iowa Center for Finance and International Development: "Economic growth, political modernization, the protection of human rights, and other worthy objectives are all believed to hinge, at least in part, on 'the rule of law.'"--World Bank, The Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy. Under Section C. Law & Development: Legal Transplantation: "The term "legal transplantation" describes the phenomenon of borrowing legal rules from other countries. Academic debates often center on the moral and practical implications of legal transplantation and, by extension, the imposition of the rule of law. Many developing countries, including China, Russia, Turkey and Japan, since the early 1900s, had varying legal traditions of their own. When developing countries such as these adopt laws from other countries, the rules borrowed may not fit the underlying tradition, culture, and social context of the developing country. For example, Western democracies tend to focus on individual liberties, which many people associate with capitalism. Consequently, the Western notion of what constitutes the rule of law reflects this world-view. Other legal structures, however, may emphasize communitarian duties and responsibilities." |